![]() Marques et al., in a study of 382 women, found that insomnia in pregnancy was a predictor for postpartum depressive symptoms along with negative affect, but insomnia did not remain a risk factor when controlling for lifetime depression. One study of 44 low-risk women suggested that change in subjective sleep, more than objective sleep, predicts postpartum mood in the first week postpartum. Longitudinal studies of change in sleep and depression across childbirth are few. Poor sleep may also influence the relationship between the parents of the baby, , and a poor relationship with the partner is a risk factor for postpartum depression. Poor maternal sleep has been linked to perceived sadness of the infant (perceived by the mother). Prenatal depression is associated with sleep disturbances in the newborn (less deep sleep and more disorganized sleep), and both prenatal and postnatal depression is associated with infant sleep problems one year after delivery. Furthermore, maternal depression both during pregnancy and after delivery may affect the infant's cognitive and emotional development, , and these effects may persist through the childhood and teenage years. Depression during pregnancy is a risk factor for preterm birth and may affect the physiology of the newborn's brain. Ĭross-sectional studies have found that insomnia and depressive symptoms are conditions associated with each other both before, and after delivery. Several studies suggest that insomnia may be co-morbid with depression, with a shared genetic component and a common final pathway. Furthermore, treating insomnia in depressed patients leads to a better outcome of depression than treating depression on its own. Similar results have been found in Finland. ![]() A large, population-based study from Norway found that not only did depression precede insomnia but also that insomnia preceded depression by many years. A review of 21 longitudinal studies found that individuals with insomnia had a twofold risk of developing depression and that residual insomnia after recovery from depression was associated with an increased risk of relapse. However, postnatal women may be exposed to similar practical challenges with sleep and infant care postpartum, but some may develop larger sleep problems than others or be more vulnerable to these changes. Among postpartum women, there may not be adequate time and opportunity for sleep the newborn baby requires attention and will disturb maternal sleep in the first months after delivery. Insomnia is defined as repeated difficulty with sleep initiation, duration, consolidation, or quality that occurs despite adequate time and opportunity for sleep, and results in some form of daytime impairment. Insomnia during pregnancy may, therefore, influence the risk of postpartum depression. At the same time, the perinatal period is a time of increased risk for depressive disorders. Women sleep poorly during pregnancy and sleep even less in the postpartum period. Insomnia is both a symptom of depression and a separate disorder that may precede depression. This does not alter the authors' adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. Malin Eberhard-Gran has indicated no financial conflicts of interest. Bjørn Bjorvatn has had paid speaking engagements for Glaxo and Confex. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: Signe Dørheim has had paid speaking engagements for AstraZeneca and Pfizer. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.įunding: The study was supported by the Norwegian Research Council, project number 191098. Received: DecemAccepted: MaPublished: April 14, 2014Ĭopyright: © 2014 Dørheim et al. PLoS ONE 9(4):Įditor: Marianna Mazza, Catholic University of Sacred Heart of Rome, Italy Citation: Dørheim SK, Bjorvatn B, Eberhard-Gran M (2014) Can Insomnia in Pregnancy Predict Postpartum Depression? A Longitudinal, Population-Based Study.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |